মিসাইল হামলা থেকে বাঁচতে যুদ্ধবিমানের চ্যাফ-ফ্লেয়ার কিভাবে কাজ করে ৷ Chaff Flare Countermeasure

Chaffs and flares: Passive countermeasures to thwart missile attacks


A passive countermeasure system against incoming anti-aircraft missiles forms an important and effective part in an aircraft’s arsenal. Similarly, warships to carry these last-minute support self-defence systems onboard as a standard fit. These systems are also categorized in Electronic Warfare terms as expendable ECM (Electronic Counter Measure) to protect the platform. When Chaff and Flares are launched from the onboard Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS), these degrade the performance characteristics of adversaries weapon system and help safeguard own platform.
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has taken up the task of indigenous development of chaff cartridges to bridge the technology gap in this field and evolve an import substitute for Defence. This becomes a critical requirement since Chaff is one of the most widely used expendable electronic countermeasure devices.A need for more than hundred thousand Chaffs and flares exists in next five years, making indigenization an important factor. DRDO has reported that the checks and trials of indigenously developed Chaff cartridge system have been undertaken onboard a fighter jet by Indian Air Force’s Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE) in 2018.

These checks include safe ejection of chaff from indigenous Chaff cartridge, envelope clearance trials in sub-sonic, super-sonic range and manoeuvrability test. Further checks are in progress in various configuration like Nose-on, sideways (beamforming) and tail-on configurations. For the airborne CMDS Bharat Dynamics Ltd., Hyderabad is the manufacturing unit. Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) had undertaken the effort to indigenize the CMDS section comprising of the Chaff rockets and launchers.Chaff System
A Chaff system onboard an aircraft is used to protect the host aircraft or a helicopter from the radar-guided missile. This is carried out by firing the chaff cartridge into the air, where chaff cloud is formed rapidly. Chaff forms a volumetric radar reflecting material and is composed of distributed metalized radar reflector material. This protects the host aircraft from a radar-guided missile by luring it to a better radar cross-section substitute, thus achieving a distraction towards the Chaff cloud. This decoy is considered effective when it is able to lead the anti-aircraft missile away from the host aircraft such that it passes target aircraft safely.

The chaff are designed to operate in a frequency band of 2 to 18 GHz and can create an average Radar Cross Section (RCS) of about few square meter within a fraction of a second. These systems are designed for extreme environmental conditions like minus 45 to plus 70 degrees Celsius etc.

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